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Geospatial data or knowledge is indicated by or related to a location relative to the surface of the Earth. Geospatial knowledge is essential because all natural, environmental, social, and cultural phenomena are affected by where the events or features occur and by their spatial relations with neighboring phenomena. Examples of geospatial knowledge and data include stream flow or air temperature measurements, the slope angle of a hillside, the median income in a state’s counties, soil characteristics in a study plot, the geographic extent of a flood plain, or a network of hiking trails.